1) No.
This is not addressed in ASME Sec IX. The same goes for internal concavity.
If a welder were doing a production qualification by RT then the code of construction acceptance criteria would apply.
Sometimes root contour is a hard one to pin down using the ASMB BPVC only.
2) I use the acceptance criteria for the job that I am testing welders for. If none exists, check with the company the welders will be working for.
I would imagine it would soon get to a judgement call. I have rejected welder tests for not completing them within the alowed timeframe. This is not addressed in any code.
The above was all I could recollect. Maybe there is something else in the latest edition of Sec IX.
Good Day