I have welded a lot of cast, and it took me a while to figure out that the more heat and the longer the heat on a cast piece, that is the answer. There are cast parts on those rigs I used to work on that are still in service and taking a beating today. There is some cast you just will never get a good weld on, because of it's composition.
The gas welding cast iron with cast iron filler is a viable procedure. The cast rods are available, but may not be stocked by Your LWS.
I have seen cast iron piston rings used as filler on manifold repairs with an oxy acetylene torch. You need a high temperature flux, borax, boric acid or commercially made high temperature flux.