A B C-1 Cu-Sn-Ti transition zone BaTiO3 minum has a minimum value contact angle of 78 deg). As a whole, the results agree with Ref. 9. For example, wetting contact angle values for Ag and Au in Ref. 9 confirm our data, though we consider value of contact angle for Cu as obviously underestimated. Overall, a high degree of solids wetting by liquid metals is caused by an intensive interfacial chemical interaction (Figs. 2, 3). For oxides like Al2O3, SiO2, and MgO, liquid metal interaction with oxygen is the main factor (Refs. 17, 18). Comparatively, due to the more anion O2– dimension to metal cation one and the more latter displacement in the bulk of crystal (effect of relaxation of surface ions and according to Weyl’s scheme for structure of surface of oxides), the oxide surface is formed mainly by oxygen anions. The BTO surface structure containing two cations of different sizes and valence numbers required special consideration. Titanium ions (with a 0.068-nm radius) are C-3 8-s JANUARY 2014, VOL.RESEARCH WELDING 93 C-2 C-4 Fig. 4 — Microstructure of (Cu-8.6 Sn) – 25 Ti-BaTiO3 interface. A — ×1000; B — distribution of elements at interface, % (at.); and C — characteristic emission of elements at BaTiO3 molten metal interface (top part – ceramics, bottom part – alloy) with barium (1), titanium (2), tin (3), and copper (4).
Welding Journal | January 2014
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