I am not a metalurgist, just a pipe fitter, and it occurs to me that this should be the place to get an answer to this question. Are the pipe fittings commonly used on sch 40 and 80 pipe such as elbows and tees made of forged steel, or are they some type of cast steel? They don't seem to me to be either, but they are certainly some kind of tricky fab to make. For instance, I welded in a 24" tee into a steam line, and there are not lines such as one would expect from forging, or casting! If they are forged, I would like to see the dies that are used.