To my knowledge there isn't anythng in AWS or ASME simply because any criticality or lack thereof is very alloy specific. And you're really talking about two different issues. For max pass time it has to do with restraint and possible crack sensitivity, and engineering judgment. For PWHT it has to do more with phase transformations.
For example, for carbon steel pass time really doesn't matter. There are of course concerns about rust, in the extreme, if its exposed to the elements, or cracking due to high restraint and not enough fill, but mechanically or metallurgically there isn't much that can happen to the material.
For CrMo's its related, once again, to the amount of fill before cooling to ambient and not necessarily related to passes. Tons of CrMo is welded every day with root/hots being maintained at preheat regimes overnight before filling, with no adverse effects whatsoever. For SS's or nickels there is little that can damage the material with extended time between passes.
As for PWHT: Its generally more of minimum controls as opposed to max's. For example, Grade 91 needs to cool to ambient before PWHT in order to ensure tmepring of all martensite. If you have a specific alloy in mind oyu might want to post it.
One of the only Codes I am aware of that addresses time between passes is API 1104. The following is an excerpt from the 19th Edition.
This was included in 1104 to address use of cellulosic electrodes for root passes and the potential for hydrogen cracking if the hot pass, and subsequent passes were not done in a timely fashion.
Hope this helps.