I don't know the context in which you have seen these terms, but:
A butt weld is a weld joining two pieces of material that are aligned by their edges.
All weld is a term we use in electrode manufacturing to indicate that the chemistry reported on a certificate is taken from an undiluted weld pad. That means that the bead-on-plate deposit needs to be at least 6 layers high or 3/4" high minimum to ensure that there is no base metal in the surface to be analyzed.
There is also the term "all weld metal tensile" which means a tensile test specimen is machined from the center of a groove weld so that the area to be tested (the center of the sample) is taken from the centerline of the groove.