tool rotational speed under constant weld speed, heat input increases, and increasing the weld speed under constant tool rotational speed, heat input decreases. With the proposed analytical approach, one can directly seek the peak temperature for respective tool geometry under given process conditions, which will be helpful for predicting the mechanical properties by correlating with the precipitate phase distribution for that aluminium alloy. The proposed analytical model gives precise results only if experimentally estimated parameters are involved in the model. In addition to this, a process map for the defect-free joints can be obtained using a material flow pattern. Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge the valuable advice and expertise provided by Dr. G. Madhusudhan Reddy of Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL), Hyderabad. In addition, the authors would like to thank the authorities of the National Institute of Technology (NIT), Warangal, India. One of the authors (V. S. Gadakh) gratefully acknowledges the support of the BCUD, Savitribai Phule University Pune, Pune Grant # 13ENG000074. Also, the authors would like to express their gratitude to the anonymous referees for their valuable comments and suggestions that contributed significantly to improving the quality of this paper. Nomenclature Q1 = heat generation from the shoulder surface Q2 = heat generation from the probe surface Q3 = heat generation from the tip surface = friction coefficient = tool angular rotation speed/rad s−1 = tool speed of r/ms−1 = contact pressure/Pa Contact = contact shear stress/Pa RProbe = tool probe radius/mm RShoulder = tool shoulder radius/mm QTotal = total heat generation/W HProbe = tool probe height/mm F = axial force/N References 1. Reddy, G. M. 2014. Friction stir welding. Keynote lecture at a national workshop on friction stir welding, NDT, and optimization, Jan. 9–11 at NIT, Warangal, A. P. India. 2. Mijajlović, M., and Milčić, D. 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Welding Journal | April 2015
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